Tsuga (heterophylla)
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Rae Watson Forestry Technician USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery 2606 Old Stage Rd. Central Point, Oregon 97537 541.858.6131 541.858.6110 (fax) rewatson@fs.fed.us gillyflowernursery.com |
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| Family Scientific Name: | Pinaceae | ||
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| Scientific Name: | Tsuga heterophylla | ||
| Common Name: | western hemlock | ||
| Species Code: | TSHE | ||
| Propagation Goal: | plants | ||
| Propagation Method: | seed | ||
| ProductType: | Container (plug) | ||
| Stock Type: | 1,2,3 and 4 gallon container | ||
| Time To Grow: | 0 | ||
| Target Specifications: | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | ||
| Propagule Collection: | Seedlings are started from smaller container seedlings (20 cubic inch and smaller) or bareroot beds (1-0 and 2-0). | ||
| Propagule Processing: | Seedlings are extracted from small containers or lifted from bareroot beds in winter and held in freezer storage until transplanting the following spring. | ||
| Growing Area Preparation/ Annual Practices for Perennial Crops: |
Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3 and 4 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. |
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| Establishment Phase: |
Seedlings are transplanted into larger containers from late winter through mid spring. The process is as follows: Media is contained in a large trough where containers are filled. For bareroot seedlings, media is scooped from the trough into the bottom half of the container. The root system of the seedling is held in placed above the media as media is placed around it. After the seedling has been transplanted, the container is lightly dropped several times to settle the media. More media is place in the container to a height one inch below the top of the container. For plugs, the container is completely filled with media and a hole made with a dibble a little larger than the plug size. The plug is planted and media pressed around the sides of the plug. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. |
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| Length of Establishment Phase: | One month. | ||
| Active Growth Phase: |
Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. |
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| Length of Active Growth Phase: | 3 months | ||
| Hardening Phase: | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | ||
| Length of Hardening Phase: | 3 months | ||
| Harvesting, Storage and Shipping: | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | ||
| Length of Storage: | NA | ||
| References: | Forest Nursery Notes Summer 2002 and Winter 2003 | ||
Citation:
Steinfeld, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Tsuga heterophylla plants 1,2,3 and 4 gallon container; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2024/11/23). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.
