Hieracium (scouleri)

Dave Skinner PMC Farm Manager USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Room 211A Hulbert Hall WSU Pullman, Washington 99164-6211 509-335-9689 509-335-2940 (fax) abbie@wsu.edu http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/wapmc

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Family Scientific Name:	Asteraceae
Family Common Name:	Sunflower
Scientific Name:	Hieracium scouleri Hook. albertinum (Farr) G.W. Douglas & G.A. Allen
Common Synonym:	Hieracium albertinum Farr
Common Name:	western hawkweed, hairy Albert
Species Code:	HIAL, HISCA
Ecotype:	Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington.
General Distribution:	Native to dry to mesic open grasslands and open forests of western North America from British Columbia to Oregon and east to Montana and Wyoming. Mean annual precipitation range is from 14-30 inches for H. scouleri (USDA NRCS 2008).
Known Invasiveness:	Because some of the non-native members of Hieracium are invasive weeds, there is some fear among the uninformed that the native members of the genus are also weedy. Nothing could be farther from the truth. The native Hieracium are neither weedy nor invasive and, at least on the Palouse, fail to persist outside of native meadow steppe habitat. Even in their native habitat, they rarely comprise 10% of total cover, hardly characteristic of a species with weedy tendencies.
Propagation Goal:	plants
Propagation Method:	seed
ProductType:	Container (plug)
Stock Type:	10 cu. in.
Time To Grow:	4 Months
Target Specifications:	Tight root plug in container.
Propagule Collection:	Seed ripens in mid to late July. It is collected when the pappus begins to expand. Seed is dark reddish brown in color and wind disseminated, so must be collected before it blows away. Seed maturity is indeterminant. Seed can be collected using a vacuum cleaner. This removes only mature seed, leaving immature seed to ripen, and reduces the amount of trash which subsequently must be cleaned from the seed. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. We determined 727,156 seeds/lb or 1,603 seeds/gram for this ecotype (USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center 2005).
Propagule Processing:	Small amounts are rubbed over a 10 mesh screen to remove the pappus, then cleaned with an air column separator. Larger amounts are threshed with a hammermill, then cleaned with air screen equipment. Sterile rice hulls can be added to the hammermill to facilitate removal of the pappus. This is not necessary if there are stems and leaves collected with the seed. Using a vacuum cleaner with a corrugated hose often removes the pappus to the extent that use of a hammermill is unnecessary. Clean seed is stored in controlled conditions at 40 degrees Fahrenheit and 40% relative humidity.
Pre-Planting Treatments:	Other Hieracium spp. germinate without pretreatment (Young & Young 1986). Seed from a western Washington source germinated best after 6 weeks cold moist stratification (Drake & Ewing undated). For this ecotype we determined germination without pretreatment is high. Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center comparing untreatedseed with seed treated by cold moist stratification for periods of 45, 90, or 120 days showed a decrease in total emergence following stratification. Unstratified seed emergence exceeded 97% while all stratification treatments resulted in 45-55% emergence.
Growing Area Preparation/ Annual Practices for Perennial Crops:	In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply.
Establishment Phase:	Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 10 days.
Length of Establishment Phase:	2 weeks
Active Growth Phase:	Plants are watered deeply every third day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every other day during the final part of the active growth period.
Length of Active Growth Phase:	3-4 months
Hardening Phase:	Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells.
Length of Hardening Phase:	2-4 weeks
Other Comments:	Plants will flower and produces seed the year following outplanting. No insect or disease problems have been noted. Plants continue to producegood seed crops in increase plantings for at least 6 years. Apomixis is know in the genus. Sheep graze it and it rapidly disappears from range under heavy use (Craighead et al 1963).
References:	Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp. Daubenmire, R.F. 1970. Steppe Vegetation of Washington. Washington State Univ. Coop. Ext. Service EB 1446. Pullman, WA. Drake, Deanne, and Kern Ewing. undated. Germination Requirements of 32 Native Washington Prairie Species. Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Available online at http://www.southsoundprairies.org/documents/completedgerminationdoc.pdf Accessed 2/12/08. Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp. Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp. Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp. Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp. Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p. Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York. St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [OnlineDatabase]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (13 February 2008). USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. 2005. Seed Weights of Some Palouse Native Species. Pullman Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington. Online at http://www.wsu.edu/~pmc_nrcs/Docs/Seed_Weights_Palouse_Native_Species.pdf USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 13 February 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. 236 pp.

Citation:

Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Hieracium scouleri Hook. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2024/07/23). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.