Cone and Seed Damage Survey for Maine - 1983
Maine's major commercial conifer species were surveyed in 1983 to assess seed and cone damage due to insect predators. Balsam fir, tamarack, and hemlock all sustained over 80% seed loss per cone. The spruces (red, white, and black) showed losses in the 60-70% range, while jack, white, and red pines exhibited the least amount of cone damage (21-41% seed loss).
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Author(s): Mark W. Houseweart, Robert K. Lawrence, A. Lee Eavy
Publication: Tree Improvement and Genetics - Northeastern Forest Tree Improvement Conference - 1987